Monday, March 30, 2015

Practice Astronomy Exam

1. How many times atmospheric pressure on Venus is greater than on the Earth?
a) 2; b) 9; c) 20; d) 90; e) 200.

2. Which terrestrial planet has greatest surface gravity?
a) Mercury; b) Venus; c) Earth; d) Mars; e) Moon.

3. Which terrestrial planet has longest solar day?
a) Mercury; b) Venus; c) Earth; d) Mars; e) Moon.

4. Which terrestrial planet has hottest surface temperature?
a) Mercury; b) Venus; c) Earth; d) Mars; e) Moon.

5. Which terrestrial planet is in retrograde rotation?
a) Mercury; b) Venus; c) Earth; d) Mars; e) Moon.

6. How many Mercury's solar days are in one Mercury's solar year?
a) 0.5; b) 5; c) 50; d) 500; e) 365.

7. Which terrestrial planet has the largest volcano known in the solar system?
a) Mercury; b) Venus; c) Earth; d) Mars; e) Moon.

8. Which planet of the solar system is largest?
a) Venus; b) Earth; c) Mars; d) Jupiter; e) Saturn.

9. Which planet of the solar system has lowest average density?
a) Venus; b) Earth; c) Mars; d) Jupiter; e) Saturn.

10. Which planet of the solar system has shortest solar day?
a) Venus; b) Earth; c) Mars; d) Jupiter; e) Saturn.

11. Which part of the Sun emits the radiation we see?
a) Solar Wind; b) Corona; c) Transition zone; d) Chromosphere; e) Photosphere;

12. A star with a measured parallax of 0.25" lies at a distance of _____ from the Sun.
a) 25 AU; b) 25 pc; c) 4 AU; d) 4 pc; e) 3.3 light-years

13. Spectral Class of the Star Mintaca is _____.
a) A; b) B; c) G; d) K; e) O.

14. Spectral Class of the Sun is _____.
a) A; b) B; c) G; d) K; e) O.

15. Brightest Star in Earth's Night Sky is ________.
a)Rigel Kentaurus; b) Sirius; c) Lacaille 9352 ; d) Proxima Centauri; e) UV Ceti.

16. In the set of 20 brightest stars in Earth's Night Sky the closest to the Sun is _________.
a)Rigel Kentaurus; b) Sirius; c) Lacaille 9352 ; d) Proxima Centauri; e) UV Ceti.

17. In the set of the 20 nearest stars the closest to the Sun is _________.
a)Rigel Kentaurus; b) Sirius; c) Lacaille 9352 ; d) Proxima Centauri; e) UV Ceti.

18. In the set of the 20 nearest stars the star with fastest actual motion through space is _.
a)Rigel Kentaurus; b) Sirius; c) Lacaille 9352 ; d) Proxima Centauri; e) UV Ceti.

19. In the set of the 20 nearest stars the star with the greatest component of a star's velocity along the line of sight is ____.
a)Rigel Kentaurus; b) Sirius; c)Lacaille 9352 ; d) Proxima Centauri; e) UV Ceti.

20. 1 light-year / 1 AU = ? a) 1; b) 63240; c) 1000; d) 6.32x10²⁰; e) 1.58 × 10^-5.

21. M☉ / M

= ? a) 3 330.6; b) 33 306; c) 333 060; d) 3 330 600; e) 33 306 000.

22. R☉ / R

= ? a) 0.109; b) 1.09; c) 10.9; d) 109; e) 1090.

23. Mass of the star Spica / M☉ = ? a) 0.8; b) 1.0; c) 1.5; d) 3; e) 7 .

24. Light travels from the Sun to Earth in about
a) 0.8 s; b) 8 s; c) 80 s; d) 8 minutes; e) 80 minutes.

25. The Sun orbits the center of the Milky Way at a distance of approximately ??? light-years from the galactic center.
a) 2500; b) 25000; c) 250 000; d) 2 500 000; e) 25 000 000.

26. The mean distance of the Sun from the Earth is approximately ??? astronomical units.
a) 0.1; b) 1; c) 10; d) 100; e) 1000.

27. Which evidence best supports the theory that the universe began with a massive explosion? a) cosmic background radiation in space; b) parallelism of planetary axes; c) radioactive dating of Earth’s bedrock; d) life cycle of stars; e) Newton laws.

28. The diagram below represents the apparent path of the Sun as seen by an observer at 65° N on March 21.
The Sun’s position shown in the diagram was observed closest to which time of day?
a) 9 a.m.; b) 11 a.m.; c) 3 p.m.; d) 6 p.m.; e) 11 p.m.

29. Identify the color of the star Bellatrix, which has a surface temperature of approximately 20000 K.
a) red; b) yellow; c) white; d) blue; e) electric blue.

30. Identify the color of the Bernard's Star.
a) red; b) yellow; c) white; d) blue; e) electric blue.

31. Which statement best describes Earth’s approximate rates of rotation and revolution?
a) Earth’s rotation rate is 15°/hour and its revolution rate is 1°/day; c) Earth’s rotation rate is 1°/hour and its revolution rate is 15°/day; d) Earth’s rotation rate is 24°/hour and its revolution rate is 360°/day. e) Earth’s rotation rate is 36.

32. Which of the following have an icy composition?
a) stars; b) planets; c) comets; d) asteroids; e) moons.

33. Most of the mass of the Milky Way exists in the form of
a) gas; b) dust; c) dark matter; d) stars; e) planets.

34. What is currently the best way to estimate the age of the universe? a) Stars' colors;
b) Newton Laws; c) Hubble's Constant; d) Gravitational Constant; e) Milky Way

35.   What is the current best estimate of the age of the universe?
a) 14 billion years old;   b) 7 billion years old;   c) 14 million years old;
d) 7 million years old;    e) 1.4 billion years old.

36.   If the universe is homogeneous and isotropic, Hubble’s Law implies
a) Universal Expansion;    b) Universal Gravitational Constant;
c) Newton's Laws;   d) E=mc²;   e) E=kf .

37. True or False: 1) Most Galaxies are spirals like the Milky Way; 2) Most elliptical galaxies contain only young stars. a) 1-True, 2-True; b) 1-True, 2-False; c) 1-False, 2-True;
d) 1-False, 2-False; e) Not Solution.

38.   True or False: 1) Type I supernovae can be used to determine distances to galaxies, 2) Active galaxies can emit thousands of times more energy than our own galaxy.
a) 1-True, 2-True;   b) 1-True, 2-False;    c) 1-False, 2-True;
d)   1-False, 2-False;    e) Not Solution.

39. Hubble's Law states that a) The greater the distance to a galaxy, the greater the galaxy's redshift; b) The greater the distance to a galaxy, the greater the galaxy's rotation; c) The greater the distance to a galaxy, the greater the galaxy's variables; d) The greater the distance to a galaxy, the greater the galaxy's temperature; e) The greater the distance to a galaxy, the lower the galaxy's redshift;

40. Which type of galaxy is the Milky Way?
a) Elliptical; b) spiral; c) irregular; d) satellite; e) circular.

41. In which part of the Milky Way galaxy is our sun located?
a) halo; b) bulge; c) center; d) corner; e) minor spiral arm.

42. From which of the following do spiral galaxies form? a) Rapidly cooling protogalactic clouds; b) high-density protogalactic clouds; c) rapidly spinning protogalactic clouds; d) colliding/merging protogalactic clouds; e) water clouds.

43. Which layer of the sun is only seen during a total solar eclipse?
a) core; b) photosphere; c) corona; d) convective zone; e) time zone.

44. Which layer of the sun has the highest temperature?
a) core; b) photosphere; c) chromosphere; d) corona; e) spiral.

45. Why do the planets in our solar system stay in their positions?
a) The sun's radiation keeps them there; b) They travel the same distance from each other; c) The sun's gravity keeps them in place; d) Friction with the atmosphere keeps them from escaping; e) E = mc².

46. During which phase of the Moon do we see the entire lighted side of the moon? a) new Moon; b) first quarter; c) full Moon; d) waning gibbous; e) electric blue.

47. Which term do we use when we are seeing more and more of the lighted portion of the Moon each night? a) full; b) waning; c) waxing; d) new; e) spiral.

48. How long does it take the Moon to rotate on its axis? a) about 25.3 days; b) about 27.3 days; c) about 30 days; d) about 2 months; e) about 1 year.

49. When do spring tides occur? a) During a new Moon; b) during a first quarter Moon; c) during a waxing gibbous Moon; d) during a waning crescent Moon; e) during a spiral Moon.

50. What is it called when the Moon is closest to Earth in its orbit?
a) spring; b) neap; c) apogee; d) perigee; e) spiral.

Saturday, March 28, 2015

Historic one year expedition

Soyuz TMA-16M docks and begins historic one year expedition

March 27, 2015 by Chris Bergin

A Soyuz FG rocket launched the Soyuz TMA-16M spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome ahead of a successful docking with the International Space Station (ISS) on Friday. Onboard the Russian workhorse were Cosmonauts Gennady Padalka and Mikail Kornienko, along with NASA astronaut Scott Kelly. Kornienko and Kelly will both spend a full year on the orbital outpost.

Soyuz TMA-16M:

Friday’s launch was another fast-track six-hour launch-to-docking mission, first carried out for a crewed mission by Soyuz TMA-08M.

While their trip uphill was speedy, Kelly and Kornienko are embarking on a long duration expedition – the first-ever yearlong mission to the station.

2015-03-27 14_27_17-Soyuz-FG launch with Soyuz TMA-16M - March 27, 2015 (19_43 UTC)

Kornienko has already logged 176 days 1 hour and 18 minutes in space, flying on Soyuz TMA-18 and serving as ISS-23 flight engineer. He also has a spacewalk to his name.

The Russian will be spending a full year on Station, with the valuable scientific data collected providing insight into how the human body responds to longer durations in space.

He was joined by NASA veteran flyer Scott Kelly, who flew on two shuttle missions and served as Expedition 26 commander during a six-month tour of the Station.

During his one-year stay on the orbital outpost, Kelly will serve as Flight Engineer for increments 43 and 44 and Commander for increments 45 and 46. During his tour, his twin brother – former NASA astronaut Mark Kelly – will also be monitored to measure the differences between one year on Earth and 12 months in space.

The goal will be to gain additional data ahead of NASA’s future goals that await in Beyond Earth Orbit (BEO) space, on long-duration missions to asteroids and eventually Mars.

2015-03-27 14_28_47-Gennady Padalka - Google Search

The third member of Soyuz TMA-16M, Gennady Padalka, should not be overlooked. While the focus has been on his fellow Soyuz passengers, Padalka will also be realizing another milestone at the conclusion of his ISS expedition – as he becomes the most experienced space traveler in history.

He will also become the first four-time commander of the International Space Station.

When Padalka departs the ISS and returns to Earth later this year, he will have spent a record 878 days in space combined. 878 days works out to about 29 months of space flight.

Friday, March 20, 2015

Eclipse

'What eclipse?': Twitter erupts as it's more washout than blackout for millions who said it was just 'another thundery day in January'

Millions of Britons left disappointed by first solar eclipse of this century
Cloud cover and rain obscured the view for people across the country
Many took to Twitter to ask 'what eclipse?' and post pictures of clouds
Moon started moving at 8.24am and peaked at around 9.30am today
Lincolnshire, Midlands and southern parts of Wales had best view
Bonnie Tyler's 1983 hit 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' is now trending

By Jenny Awford for MailOnline

Published: 03:49 EST, 20 March 2015 | Updated: 08:34 EST, 20 March 2015

Millions of Britons were left 'disappointed' by the first solar eclipse this century after heavy cloud coverage obscured the view across the country.

But many reacted with typical British humour and took to social media to ask 'what eclipse?' and post hilarious memes as the celestial show peaked at around 9.30am amid grey skies.

Jack Fraser posted a picture of grey clouds with a caption: 'What a view of the eclipse. Where are my sunglasses?'

Jackie Stradling said: 'So glad I didn't go to the trouble of getting special eclipse goggles. Can't see a thing! #whateclipse?'

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Britons mocked the 'nonexistent' solar eclipse with many posting pictures of grey cloudy skies obscuring the view

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Thousands of Britons mocked the 'nonexisent' solar eclipse and dozens posted eclipse memes, including this one of England goalkeeper Joe Hart saving the sun

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Many reacted with a typical British sense of humour to the cloudy conditions, with one person creating this meme showing the Teletubbies sun baby

Sarah Rees ‏said: 'It had to be cloudy today didn't it #eclipse2015 #whateclipse.'

Martha Edwards said: 'Well that was a disappointment. Pretty nonexistent eclipse. Felt like just another dull day to me.'

Maggie Towner ‏said: 'Belinda have I overslept and missed it? Nothing happening here #eclipse #whateclipse?'

Harry Broster ‏said: 'Eclipse conspiracy. I want my money back.'

Met Office forecaster said that the majority of the country saw heavy cloud coverage, especially the South East and East Anglia.

Dan Williams from the Met Office said: 'The South East had pretty widespread cloud coverage, but there were some localised breaks.

'In Scotland the western parts of the country were cloudy, but the eastern side was a bit brighter. There didn't seem to be any breaks in the cloud in London.'

Enthusiasts gathered at places such as Stonehenge and the Isle of Lewis to catch a glimpse of the eclipse but were disappointed by the cloud cover obstructing the view.

Software engineer Amarjeet Rai, from London, said: 'Solar eclipse this morning. Shame it's cloudy.'

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Many mocked the celestial spectacular and posted memes including this one of a yellow Pac-Man

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RG Goldie from Jersey tweeted: 'So cloudy I can't even tell where the sun is right now.'

One of the unexpected upsides of the lunar activity today is that Bonnie Tyler's 1983 hit 'Total Eclipse of the Heart' is now trending.

Emily Ashton ‏tweeted: 'Total eclipse of the heart will now be in my head all day. #turnaround'

The moon started moving at 8.24am and peak at around 9.30am. It is expected to finish at around 10.30.

Lincolnshire and the Midlands through to southern parts of Wales were treated to the best view as the moon moved in front of the sun covering up to 97 per cent of its surface.

Around 40 million people in Scotland were unable to see the eclipse due to cloud coverage and heavy rain.

The moon started moving at 8.24am and areas such as Plymouth and Swansea saw the full solar eclipse first.

Met Office forecaster Kate Brown said said: 'The south-east corner is currently overcast and is going to stay that way into the time of the eclipse. But even if people don't see it happening they will still be able to sense it getting darker during that time.'

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Millions of Britons were left disappointed by the first solar eclipse this century after heavy cloud coverage obscured the view, pictured in Newton Aycliffe, County Durham

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The celestial show peaked at around 9.30am amid grey skies, pictured are people waiting for the eclipse in Torshavn, the capital city of the Faroe Islands

A Met Office spokeswoman said: 'Forecasting exactly where cloud will break and re-form is really not scientifically possible. But it's not as thick in the south as further north, so you're more likely to see breaks in the cloud the further south you are.'

Hundreds took to social media hto complain about the heavy cloud cover obscuring their view.

Sophia Swain ‏said: 'Most of the Shard obscured by heavy cloud. No eclipse spotting here then... #eclipse2015 #London #annoying #LoveALunarEvent'

Brian Ramsbottom said: 'Too much cloud in Dublin to see #eclipse, we must make a sacrifice quickly to appease the cloud gods, I nominate Ryan Tubridy #makeitso'

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A visitor waiting for the start of a total solar eclipse on a hill beside a hotel overlooking Torshavn

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The start of the solar eclipse as seen from the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne this morning, with the moon starting to edge across the sun

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The first solar eclipse of this century is set to thrill or disappoint millions today, pictured is cloudy conditions in Faeroe Islands

Leisha said: 'Got no chance of seeing the eclipse when all I can see is thick white cloud!'

Despite the cloud, the event is expected to have a significant impact on the National Grid with a predicted loss of 850 megawatts of solar power from the electricity supply network.

The last solar eclipse of such significance occurred on August 11 1999, and was 'total' - with 100 per cent of the sun covered when seen from Cornwall.

Another 'deep' partial eclipse visible in the UK will not occur until August 12 2026, and the next total eclipse not until September 2090.

Today's eclipse will produce a 100-mile-wide 'totality' shadow path that crosses the North Atlantic and covers only two land masses, the Faroe Islands between Scotland and Iceland and the Norwegian archipelago of Svalbard.

Away from this path the sun is partly obscured. A partial eclipse will be visible across a large part of the northern hemisphere, including the whole of Europe, Greenland, Newfoundland, northern Africa and western Asia.

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A photographer prepares for the solar eclipse in Nottinghamshire - with experts saying the south-west and the Midlands may be the best place you can view it because of cloud cover

The first solar eclipse in 15 YEARS occurs this morning

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A partial solar eclipse is seen in cloud conditions near Bridgwater, south western England, earlier today

Robin Scagell, vice-president of the Society for Popular Astronomy (SPA), who will be travelling on the P&O cruise ship Oriana to witness the total eclipse, said: 'We won't experience totality in the UK but it will still be a memorable event.'

He added that it may be memorable for the wrong reasons if people fail to heed the numerous warnings from experts not to look directly at the sun.

'Unlike every other eclipse of any size, this one takes place right in the middle of the rush-hour,' said Mr Scagell. 'It's not the best time from a safety point of view.

'A partial eclipse is more risky by far than a total eclipse because people don't realise that even looking at a thin sliver of sun is dangerous.

'It's absolutely true that there is a serious risk to people's eyesight. If people can't find a way to view the eclipse correctly then they shouldn't look because they're likely to damage their eyes.'

Dr Susan Blakeney, from the College of Optometrists, said: 'You should never look directly at the sun and that applies when there's a total or partial eclipse as well. This is because the radiation emitted by the sun is so powerful it may cause a solar burn of the retina.'

Together with the SPA, the Royal Astronomical Society has produced a booklet on how to view the eclipse safely.

Popular methods involve projecting an image from a telescope or binoculars on to a piece of white card, using a mirror to cast the image on to a wall, or making a pin-hole viewer from pieces of card or a cereal box that acts like a lens.

Two organised events are planned in London, where members of the public will have the chance to view the eclipse using specialist equipment.

The 'view' from the Shard in London during the solar eclipse

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People watch as an eclipse of the sun begins over the Eden Project near St Austell in Cornwall,

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The sun rises over the Eden Project near St Austell in Cornwall, as a near-total eclipse of the sun is set to thrill or disappoint millions today

One is being hosted in Regents Park by the Royal Astronomical Society and a group of amateur sky-watchers called the Baker Street Irregular Astronomers. The other takes place at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, assisted by the Flamsteed Astronomy Society.

Several tour operators have organised 'total eclipse' trips to the Faroe Islands and Norway.

Rosemary Sloggett, managing director of The Independent Traveller, which is taking 133 eclipse-watchers to the Faroe Islands in a specially chartered airbus at a cost of £2,500 per ticket, said: 'The response has been absolutely enormous.. A lot of people travelling with us are experiencing their eighth, ninth or 10th eclipse. I think once you've seen one total eclipse it's something that gets under your skin.'

The National Grid said the impact of the eclipse would be offset by large numbers of people leaving their homes to witness the event.

As a result, it was expecting a net 200 megawatt drop in demand at 9.30am, equivalent to the typical electricity usage of Glasgow.

Jeremy Caplin, forecasting manager at National Grid, said: 'This loss of solar is entirely manageable and will be largely offset by demand suppression. We started planning for this in May last year and have a range of tools in place to manage any effects of the eclipse and balance the network, including demand side services and extra generation.'

The effect on solar power is likely to be greater in other parts of Europe which depend more than we do on the sun for electricity generation.

Solar panels feed large amounts of electricity into the power grids of Germany, Italy and France. In the summer, up to 40% of Germany's energy comes from its solar farms.

The last European eclipse occurred before the proliferation of solar power, so experts are somewhat in the dark over what will actually happen.

Scientists hope today's eclipse will help them test their models of how solar farms are likely to behave.

Professor Alessandro Abate, from Oxford University's department of computer science, said: 'While the impact over the UK is not likely to be as substantial as for other European countries, this eclipse is a rare opportunity to challenge in a worst-case scenario the mathematical models we are developing to predict the behaviour of large populations of solar panels.'

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Enthusiasts gathered at places such as Stonehenge to catch a glimpse of the eclipse but were disappointed by the cloud cover obstructing the view

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Italian visitors wait for the start of a total solar eclipse on a hill beside a hotel overlooking the sea and Torshavn

Members of the public are being recruited by scientists at the University of Reading to help them study eclipse weather - changes in the atmosphere caused by the sun's rays being temporarily blocked out by the moon.

The National Eclipse Weather Experiment (Newex) will draw on observational data recorded by an army of 'citizen scientists' across the UK.

There are anecdotal reports of an 'eclipse wind' - a breeze that appears as a solar eclipse reaches its peak - and breaks in the cloud appearing as the atmosphere cools.

Professor Giles Harrison, head of the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading, who is leading the experiment, said: 'This is the first big partial eclipse to happen in the UK since 1999, and the next one isn't until August 2026, so this is a once-in-a-generation opportunity.

'By observing what happens on Friday we are effectively turning the skies of Britain into a giant weather lab, giving us a rare chance to see what happens when you 'turn down the sun'.

'This will give us a precious insight into how the sun influences the clouds and wind, as well as more obvious effects, such as temperature. By improving our understanding of how the weather works, we're better able to predict it, meaning scientists can further improve weather forecasts.'

The amateur observations will be combined with other data to provide the most detailed picture of the weather effects of an eclipse ever assembled.

Total solar eclipses can be seen somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average, but are considered rare events that recur at any given location just once every 360 to 410 years.

A solar eclipse takes place when the Earth, moon and sun are aligned and the moon's shadow touches the Earth's surface.

Budget airline easyJet said passengers on three of its flights to Reykjavik in Iceland would have a grand-stand view of the total eclipse.

Flights EZY 2295 and EZY 1805, departing from Luton and Manchester at 7.45am, and EZY 6747 from Belfast at 8.05am will pass almost directly over the Faroe Islands during the event.

Ali Gayward, easyJet's commercial manager for Iceland, said: 'It's great that easyJet passengers will be in the right place at the right time on Friday and are set to be rewarded with the best view anywhere in the world from 37,000 feet.

'We would encourage passengers to bring eclipse viewing specs with them and keep their window blinds open for the safest but most spectacular way to view it.'